Aspects and implication of Cyberspace Surveillance Technologies Essay

The three most idea about parts of a reconnaissance society, would be; from one side it ensures and screens, yet then again so as to accomplish its assurance capacities, certain limits of security are crossed. Some would contend that it is governments interest for more control over individuals, a disciplinary method; the way that individuals are bound to carry on the off chance that they had realized they had been under a specific measure of oversight. Be that as it may, not the entirety of the time would this be able to be useful to them; questions are solicited from whether its accomplishment, justify for presence radical reconnaissance innovations. As much as it goes about as a country defender, and wrongdoing preventer, it is likewise, for an enormous scope, a protection trespasser. In this exposition I will inspect a portion of these perspectives and speculations that legitimize their burdens from their focal points. The motivation behind observation as Lyon clarified, is: â€Å"the engaged, precise and routine consideration regarding individual subtleties for reasons for impact, the board, insurance to direction† (2007: p.14) this portrays an a greater amount of national secure wellbeing matter, at that point what he had assumed in his 1998 depiction of â€Å"watching others’ exercises as a methods for checking and administering them† this here, depicts an increasingly a straightforward assistance, individuals are being observed only to screen and managing, for example, a jail watcher or a test screen. Anyway in since the occurrence of September, 11 of 2001, observation on individual has turned out to be all the more a proper national security issue. Moving ceaselessly from the thought of explicit ought to be focused, to an idea of everybody is suspected and in this manner focused on. Post nine eleven, â€Å"war against terrorism† has become a significant reason or pu rpose behind national security to k... ...ivilians fears over the suspicion of under assent reconnaissance and feel that their opportunity is under assent limitation. Works Cited Foucault, M. (1979) Discipline and Punish. London: Penguin. Dreyfus, H and Rabinow, P. (1982) Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Lyon, D. (1988) The Information Society: Issues and Illusions. Cambridge: Polity Press. Lyon, D. (2003) Surveillance after September 11. Cambridge: Polity Orwell, G. (1948) Nineteen Eighty Four. New York: New American Library Connections: BBC. (2005) â€Å"Shot man not associated with bombing† July 23. Accessible at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello there/uk/4711021.stm â€Å"Cookies† http://epic.org/security/web/treats/ BBC. (2005) â€Å"Full text of Tony Blair's speech† September 27. Accessible at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello there/uk_politics/4287370.stm

Being a Nurse Is More Than a Job, Its a Treasure Essay Example for Free

Being a Nurse Is More Than a Job, Its a Treasure Essay To me, being a medical caretaker is definitely in excess of work or even a profession. Its an undertaking, a persistent learning process that I set out on fearlessly every day, looking for extraordinary occasions and wonders. Contacting the lives of others is a money box flooding with figurative gold, regardless of whether the assist I with giving is of incredible measure or stays unnoticed. The pride I hold in saying, Im going to be a medical caretaker, is incomprehensible. Nursing is in excess of a calling of trustworthiness and empathy, it is a benefit that apportions my qualities as an individual and the duties allowed to me with the valuable endowment of life. The first occasion when I genuinely contacted a people life, in spite of the fact that the experience was brief, was shockingly satisfying. A solid sentiment of achievement and self-esteem spread quickly all through my body and soul that no normal great deed has ever cultivated. Nursing surpasses that normal deed by a wide margin. After each experience, Im left with an awestruck demeanor of direction, realizing that I am required in someones life. By saying, Im going to be a medical caretaker every morning, I get the inspiration expected to endure the anticipated day in front of me with a grin. As I would see it, medical attendants aren’t heavenly attendants. They don’t go inseparably with hearts and rainbows. Nursing is tied in with giving consideration, truly, yet that doesn't involve that nurses’ just reason for existing is to be a humane hand to clutch. Nursing coordinates science and care. Attendants take the information they have picked up from their instru ction just as their experience and apply it every single day, all while, being there to comfort patients in their critical crossroads, regardless of whether what is required is an IV, torment drug, or an ear that will tune in. Like it said in the narrative, an attendant makes the most of chances, faces every day challenges, and in particular in my eyes, is a ground-breaking advocate for the patient. Watching this video edified me to the most huge obligations of a medical attendant. I’ve understood that a medical caretaker is the contact between the specialist and the patient. They guarantee that the patient completely comprehends what is befalling them in their most defenseless states. Medical attendants are answerable for tolerant instruction and for ensuring the patient comprehends what the specialist lets them know. Ardis Bush said only a couple of words that truly explained what being a medical caretaker isâ all about. She said that medical attendants treat the entire individual, somebody with emotions, somebody who may cry †not simply the finding. As it were, specialists fix, however nurture mend. Ardis truly helped me comprehend the contrast between a specialist and a medical caretaker. Nursing encourages progressively important patient cooperation. I don’t need my patients to be only a measurement. I need to recall them and how solid they were genuinely when they weren’t solid truly. This video gave me that being an attendant will permit me to do only that.

Using FTO English 5-9 Essay Samples To Learn Grammar

Using FTO English 5-9 Essay Samples To Learn GrammarStudents may wish to review FTO English 5-9 essay samples to improve their knowledge of grammar and to familiarize themselves with some more advanced examples. For many students, it is a helpful tool to develop a better understanding of the English language and its rules.One thing that many students will find surprising is that the English language is not quite so easy. It is only through practice and a proper understanding of the rules that students can become fluent in this language. Using FTO English 5-9 sample essays will help students learn how to do this and practice it on a regular basis.In these English sample essays, students are instructed to demonstrate the uses of grammatical rules to make their essays more organized and precise. The essay examples are also meant to give students an idea of how they might structure an essay in different situations. For example, examples in which the writer may be writing about one person or a group of people, they can use different writing structures to make their articles stand out from others.One thing that many students will notice about FTO essay samples is that they are written in a formal tone. As a student, you will want to make sure that you follow this writing style. In FTO English 5-9 essay samples, it is important to use proper grammar and not use slang or inappropriate grammar to avoid appearing like an amateur.As the student, it is also important to remember that you will be writing about yourself as well as your classmates. If you want to give an impression of professionalism and academic achievement, you should consider using proper grammar to ensure that your essay is easy to read. In FTO English 5-9 essay samples, use properly-formatted prose to ensure that your essay is clear and concise.Some students find FTO English 5-9 sample essays helpful for improving their academic skills. They will also find that these essay examples are an easy way to pra ctice grammar, syntax, and sentence structure. As a student, it is important to not only practice what you learn in class, but to practice as much as possible, particularly in areas where there is a lot of repetition.As you review FTO English 5-9 essay samples, you may find yourself rereading sections that you have already studied. This can be a good thing for students because it will allow them to pick up on important skills and strategies that they may have overlooked during their college education. For example, students who wish to polish their writing skills may benefit from reviewing a sentence that was hard to understand in class.You may also find that you want to focus on certain types of grammar when reviewing FTO English 5-9 essay samples. If this is the case, you may wish to review different types of essay topics such as sports, movies, geography, and literature. Focus on these different areas and find areas in which you have weaknesses.

Primary Functions Of A Manager - 1308 Words

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS IN MANAGEMENT Management is the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, through and with other people (Robbins, DeCenzo Coulter, 2015). The functions of a manager are defined primarily as planning, organizing, leading and controlling. This paper will discuss these functions, their importance and benefits. PLANNING Virtually every step in professional project management includes project planning and replanning (Allen, McLees, Richardson Waterford, 2015). Management needs to plan, define goals, institute a plan of action or policy regarding achieving stated goals, and develop a formula to obtain the primary objectives of the organization. A plan enables a manager to establish tasks and schedule†¦show more content†¦Managers are faced with making decisions regarding every aspect of the company. Decision making is the essence of management (Robbins, et.al. 2015). Managers are responsible for an organized group of employees with a common or specific purpose. It is up to them to make the proper decisions, organize the jobs necessary for the overall efficiency, productivity and success of the organization. Every organization grows, prospers or fails as a result of decisions made by its members (Ada,S. and Ghaffarzadeh,M., 2015) Decision Making Managers want to be good decision makers and exhibit good decision-making behaviors so they appear competent and intelligent to their boss, employees and coworkers (Robbins, et.al, 2015). Managers must be able to understand and evaluate a problem, remain logical, and keep the focus on the organizations goal in regards to making any changes or decisions. They need to organize their team based on their knowledge and performance, evaluating objectively what is the best PRIMARY FUNCTIONS IN MANAGEMENT 4 and most efficient outcome for the company. Decisions can seem asShow MoreRelatedContemporary Management1199 Words   |  5 PagesIRHR1001- Essay The Primary Article is: Carroll, S. and Gillen, D. (1987) Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review 12(1), pp. 38-51. The essay will endeavor to provide an insight into how Fayol’s basic principles of Classical Management Functions are indeed useful in describing managerial work. In the last (20th) century, the role of managers in business becomes more diverse as the number of tasks in which businesses were involvedRead MoreHenri Fayols Management Theory1118 Words   |  5 Pagesis based on â€Å"personal observation and experience† and thus he formulated five primary management principles and fourteen organizational and management guidelines (Jarvis 2004). 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Manager must continually establish and maintain internal and externalRead MoreHuman Resource Management : An Optimizing Role For Shaping Organizational And Employee Behavior Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction The primary function of Human Resource Management is increasing the effectiveness and contribution of employees in the attainment of organization’s goals and objectives. For attaining the goals of the organization, the employees need to work effectively and perform at their best. To get appropriate outcome, the human resource department considers aspects like, equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, human resource planning, recruitment and selection, human resource developmentRead MoreChallenges Faced By The Current Us Health Care Industry853 Words   |  4 Pageschallenges faced by the current US health care industry is one of the foremost reasons for the need of fine-tuned managerial skills in the healthcare sector. The administrators and manager’s primary functions are to manage efficiently and control overall function of organizations. Moreover, effective managers and administrators in the higher position in the health care industries can lead the organi zations to success. When it comes to the graduate course, the Healthcare Administration and ManagementRead MoreOperation Management Definition Paper921 Words   |  4 Pagesprecursor to more specific events that look at how operations management can help practitioners make best use of additional funding to improve patient care and enhance the working lives of Health Care Professionals. The essential healthcare management functions are organized into three major groups of activities governing, caring, and learning with a focus on reaching excellence in community healthcare. Within these activities, each system is described in terms of what it must do to make the whole system

Juvenile Interrogations Must Be Recorded Rules Wisconsin...

The following scenario is from the article â€Å"Juvenile Interrogations Must Be Recorded Rules Wisconsin Supreme Court,† written by David Ziemer, and pulled from the Wisconsin Law Journal. Published July 13th, 2005. [I]n 2001, three young men robbed a McDonald’s restaurant in Milwaukee. 14-year-old Jerrell C.J. was arrested in connection with the offense, taken to the police station, booked, and placed in an interrogation room. In the room, Jerrell was handcuffed to a wall and left alone for approximately two hours. At 9 a.m., Police Detectives Ralph Spano and Kurt Sutter entered the interrogation room. The detectives introduced themselves, removed Jerrell’s handcuffs, and asked him some background questions. Jerrell stated that he was 14 years old and in the eighth grade. He also provided the names, addresses, and phone numbers of his parents and siblings. Jerrell was advised of his Miranda rights, and the detectives then began to question Jerrell about the armed robbery. Jerrell denied any involvement. The detectives challenged this denial and encouraged Jerrell to be truthful and honest and start standing up for what he did. Jerrell again denied his involvement. The detectives again challenged his denial. At times throughout the exchange, Detective Spano raised his voice. He later explained, I’m raising my voice short of yelling at him . . . there were points I needed to make, and I needed to make them with a strong voice. But not yelling. Jerrell described theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages1982) â€Å"Learning is not a spectator sport. Students do not learn much just by sitting in a class listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spilling out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves.† (Chickering Gamson, 1987) In their classic book on active learning, Bonwell and Elson (1991) list seven defining characteristics. 1. Students are

The Black And Burgundy Made Me Essay - 1392 Words

I never thought that my nails were going to draw too much attention. I was enjoying how the nail polish looked on my hands, it was an exciting change. The combination of black and burgundy made me feel powerful, reckless, and confident because I was subverting and redefining social norms. I felt like a man, but the rest of society saw me differently. In our society nail polish is for women. Painting nails is a beauty practice that embraces femininity and womanhood. My nails cast an instantaneous label on myself. Many individuals questioned my sexuality and gender. It was like my masculinity was endangered by the colors of my nails and I was no longer considered a man anymore. â€Å"Why do you paint your nails?† â€Å"Are you gay?† â€Å"Is it a new trend?† â€Å"Wait, what is that on your nails?†, I was a threat to what society defines as a man, therefore people were desperate to define the purpose of my painted nails. The interference of sex and gender n orms causes disruption to social order and people seem to be determine to redefine, correct or erase the variation. Every characteristic of an individual’s life is determined by their genitals. â€Å"Why is gender attribution so meaningful to social order and why does the inability to classify someone sex’s cause such a major disruption?† (Preves, 2004:13). Gender classification starts from birth, when a baby is identified as a boy or girl. The reveal of the child’s gender designates their future. Their social interactions, gender roles,Show MoreRelatedEssay On The Ghost1395 Words   |  6 PagesAs the thunder crackles in the night, a faint splash of car tires can be heard racing along the wet road. A sleek black cab is going well over the speed limit to get to its destination. Street lamps are flashing along one by one through the distorted window. Gordon Burgundy, the passenger of the vehicle, is on his way to his friends place, in a rural location in downtown New Jersey. His friend, James Boddy is his partner. They are detectives, been that way for well over twenty years. The cab arrivesRead MoreEating At A Restaurant And Observe It As A Social Institution Essay962 Words   |  4 Pages The restaurant menu contributes to the sense of elegance through its rich burgundy color and the tone of its descriptive language. When I glanced at the menu, it looked like a nine-teen fifties spiral book. The food options were all capital with burgundy colored title, black lettered description, and was bold. It is enticing to see a rooster on the front of the menu which says, â€Å"FRESH. RELAXED. DELICIOUS.† It made me want to read further on. The visuals of the menu goes into detail how theyRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Ethnicity995 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung age. The school was tough for me because I felt different. 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Managerial Economics Analysis of the Indian Telecom Sector Essay Example For Students

Managerial Economics: Analysis of the Indian Telecom Sector Essay PROJECT REPORT ON MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF TELECOM SECTOR IN INDIA INTRODUCTION India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and the second largest among emerging economies. At current levels, telecom intensiveness of Indian economy measured as the ratio of telecom revenues to GDP is 2. 1 percent as compared with over 2. 8 percent in developed economies. Indian telecom sector has undergone a major process of transformation through significant policy reforms. The reforms began in 1980s with telecom equipment manufacturing being opened for private sector and were later followed by National Telecom Policy (NTP) in 1994 and NTP1999. The liberalization of the industry has created an impressive forward-momentum in India, resulting in a vigorously competitive and fast growing sector. Moreover, the government had relaxed significantly the foreign investment norms in the sector. According to the Department of Trade, India’s investment policy framework permits foreign direct investment (FDI) in a number of key sectors of the telecom markets. The benefit of this liberalization has been the drastic reduction in call charges. Where a 1 minute trunk call cost Rs. 30 earlier now it costs on Rs. 1. Due to the entry of BSNL and MTNL, cellular telephony costs have also come down rapidly. According to the latest data issued by the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), the industry association representing all GSM operators, the number of Indias GSM subscribers had touched 136 million as of the end of June 2007-recording an addition of 5. 4 million during June, or a growth of 4. 2% when compared to 130. 1 million at end-May 2007 The Unified Access licensing regime implemented in the year 2003, gave a major boost to this industry as it permitted basic and/or cellular mobile service using any technology. And today, India is one of the fastest growing markets for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) with its subscriber base increasing from 53mn in October 2005 to 116mn in June 2007. If India has to fulfill its full potential of becoming a key player in the New Economy and merge as an IT superpower, it requires a strong and competitive telecom sector. Over the last ten years, significant developments have taken place in this sector and many more profound changes are expected to take place in this industry in the coming years. At present, India constitutes one of the world’s largest telecom markets. Although with a fixed telephone network of 29 million lines, India is ranked as one of the top ten-telecom networks in the world, its telephone density of 2. telephone lines per 100 persons compares unfavorably with global standards. The US has a teledensity of 50 telephone lines per 100 persons; Brazil has a tele-density of 10 telephone lines per 100 persons with the global average being 11 per 100. The current low tele-density offers telecom companies substantial growth opportunities in India and gives the country an option of adapting new technologies. The New Telecom Policy of 1999 (NTP 9 9) has set a target of increasing tele-density to 15 per cent by 2010. Large investments in telecom sector are in process and additional investments are expected, following opening up of national and international long distance segments, permission of unlimited competition in basic telecom services and issue of fourth cellular licenses. Internationally, the per capita investments in telecom industry have increased in the countries with low teledensity. However, policy uncertainty could adversely affect investment plans of telecom operators. Further, long gestation and break-even period would affect the borrowing capability of telecom operators. Over the medium term, the telecom operators would have to infuse equity to meet the fund requirement for roll out of projects. Profitability of the incumbent PSUs is expected to decline from the current high levels, while the new players are expected to register negative cash flows in the medium term. The total revenue in the telecom service sector was Rs. 86,720 crore in 2005-06 as against Rs. 71, 674 crore in 2004-2005, registering a growth of 21%. The total investment in Telecom services sector reached Rs. 200,660 crore in 2005-06, up from Rs. 178,831 crore in the previous fiscal. Telecommunication is the lifeline of the rapidly growing Information Technology industry. Internet subscriber base has risen to 6. 94 million in 2005- 2006. Out of this 1. 35 million were broadband connections. More than a billion people use the internet globally. Under the Bharat Nirman Programme, the Government of India will ensure that 66,822 revenue villages in the country, which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone (VPT), will be connected. However doubts have been raised about what it would mean for the poor in the country. It is difficult to ascertain fully the employment potential of the telecom sector but the enormity of the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that there were 3. 7 million Public Call Offices in December 2005 up from 2. 3 million in December 2004. The value added services (VAS) market within the mobile industry in India has the potential to grow from $500 million in 2006 to a whopping $10 billion by 2009. OBJECTIVES One of the main reasons to undertake telecom markets has been the unique characteristics of cost and demand structures within the telecom sector. One important economic reason for regulation is to help achieve the optimum level of production from a societal point of view, i. e. , to ensure production of the desired products and services in the desired quantities and at appropriate prices for all consumers desiring them. The need for regulation depends on the ability of the market to create this situation by itself. The first basic question is whether production should be organized as planned production with possible corrections by the market, or production should be determined by the market with possible corrections from planners or regulators. THE COST STRUCTURE OF A TELECOM NETWORK The telecom sector is characterized by very large investment costs. The precise percentage of total costs attributed to investments depends of course on the definition of investments and of telecom activities (e. g. whether research, marketing or similar activities are included). Although some sources claim investment, and investment-related costs to be as much as 90 percent of the costs of production, most estimates based on financial data, however, vary between 60 and 75 percent. Thus, by all measures the telecom sector is comparatively capital intensive. For an assessment of the cost structure’s impact on market conditions, more than the level of investments in telecom is relevant. The type of investments is also important. A notable part of the investments are what economists refer to as â€Å"sunk costs†. These are long term investments which can be used only for specific economic activities. An example is a fixed access network providing subscribers’ access to the local exchange. This investment only has value for the supply of telecom services in this particular local area. Once the investment is made the operator can only exit this particular market at considerable costs. Other investments have a shorter time horizon and/or can more easily be applied for other activities. Investments in telecom networks divide into the following functional elements: * Terminal equipment| * Access Network| * Switching| * Transmission/Long line| * Other (buildings etc. ) | TRENDS IN INVESTMENT COSTS The most important factors of input to investments in telecom networks are electronic equipment, cables and wires. Prices for electronic equipment have decreased rapidly and are expected to continue declining in the future. This affects in particular the costs of switching but transmission is affected also. Improved cable technology, and in particular the introduction of optical fibers, has reduced costs of cables substantially. Prices for copper wires are relatively stable, but new compression techniques are increasing its capacity. Optical fiber cable provides significantly greater capacity, and price reductions now make it competitive with copper cables for installation of new access networks on Greenfield sites in some locations. However, at present it is not economical to replace installed copper cables. In the access network the laying of cable and wire constitute as much as 90 percent of the costs. Thus the cost of the cable itself plays a diminishing role. But in the transmission network, where the increasing capacity of optical fibers can be utilized more advantageously, fiber cable will have a substantial impact. DEMAND Demand for telephony has a very low sensitivity to changes in tariffs, but more expensive services such as long distance telephony tend to be more sensitive than local telephony, which is more of a necessity. Another characteristic for both telephony and many other communication services is the positive externalities created by the service. A completed telephone call requires the participation of a second party, which in most cases also is benefiting from the call (call externality). Another externality arises when a new subscriber is connected to the network. This will benefit all other subscribers which possibly could have a need to communicate with the new subscriber (access-externality). This point is very important for the introduction of new services. New services need to establish a critical mass of network subscribers before they really can become useful and the market can unfold. Telecom services are offered to two distinct groups of customers with quite different patterns of demand:- * Business Customers| * Residential Customers. | CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE COMPETITION In economic theory, the notion of perfect competition is used to characterize an unregulated market where the forces of competition drive down prices to the level of production costs, and both price and production develop in such a way that the societal welfare is optimized. Such a market can be established if the following conditions are met; sufficiently large numbers of independent suppliers; sufficiently large numbers of independent consumers; free and easy entry and exit of suppliers; and full visibility of market conditions. It is not at all clear whether the telecom markets are likely to get close to meeting these conditions. If all these conditions are not fulfilled, the market cannot by itself optimize production. In this case it may become necessary to develop regulatory measures, which can â€Å"help† the market function more closely to the optimal condition. However, it may be very difficult for new suppliers to enter the market. The most important barriers to entry which restrict the number of suppliers are: * Economies of scale| * Economies of scope| * Economies of density| * Size and flexibility of investment| ECONOMIES OF SCALE Economies of scale reflect the opportunities for reduced unit costs with increased output. They provide efficiency advantages for large units of production and new entrants will find it difficult to compete with already well established firms with large scale production. If production of a certain service involves considerable economies of scale, new firms will find it difficult to compete with existing firms that have a well established large scale level of service supply. Furthermore smaller companies will tend to merge into larger units to remain competitive. Therefore, an unregulated market is likely to result in a very limited number of large scale suppliers. ECONOMIES OF SCOPE Economies of scope are defined as cost savings related to supplying a number of different services by the same company. Economies of scope can be a barrier against smaller companies only supplying a limited range of services. This could be a local operator or an international carrier. Three different types of economies of scope can be distinguished: * Economies of horizontal integration | (e. g. telephony and data)| * Economies of vertical integration within the network| (e. g. local and long distance)| | * Voice and value added network services | (e. g. call forwarding)| | * Economies of vertical integration beyond the network| (e. g. information production and distribution). | | Economies of scope can also arise in billing and customer relations. Operators supplying a full range of services can offer their customers one stop shopping and one stop billing. This gives an advantage compared to service providers specializing in a few areas. It is a factor influencing global alliances in telecom to meet the demands of global transnational corporations. ECONOMIES OF DENSITY Economies of density are related to the fact that network costs per connection decreases with increasing density of connections. The primary reason for this is shorter access lines and better capacity utilization of the network. Economies of density imply that it is very difficult for newcomers in an area to compete with a former monopolist, where local networks with a high penetration already have been established. This is of course particularly important in the residential market, where the revenue per customer is much lower than in the business sector. A newcomer may either build its own infrastructure from scratch or buy parts of its capacity from the incumbent operator. In some instances a duplicate network infrastructure can be built on top of other types of infrastructures e. g. local cable-TV or electric power networks. But even in these cases considerable investments must be made before sufficient economies of density in supplying interactive network services can be achieved. From a regulators point of view the barrier created through economies of density can be overcome either by supporting the building of alternative infrastructures e. g. right of way access, tariff regulations, taxation of the incumbent operator or other approaches. Or regulatory measures can be enforced in order to ensure competitors fair access to existing network facilities. The first solution may promote short run competition most directly. But if there are significant economies of density it may be a costly solution as it implies a substantial duplication of network investments. Furthermore it is probable that this competition will be eliminated in the long run as the competitors are driven toward more efficient arrangements for meeting consumer demands. DEMAND-RELATED FACTORS Demand for telecom services evolves from a core demand for a homogenous output – basic telephony – for which pure transmission is the common ingredient in a wide range of services, where transmission often is combined with other service functions. Increasingly these services are offered by service providers other than the provider of the basic transmission services, usually the incumbent PTO. Other producers may be foreign telecom operators, computer companies or companies from another industry. Cost structures differ for different services, and market structure depends a great deal on the type of service demanded. Cable based transmission intensive services with a low level of processing involve relatively higher sunk costs than processing intensive services, where substantial value is added to the basic transmission. So far, increased demand for new services has tended to change the overall cost structure in the direction of a reduced share of costs for transmission and an increasing share on processing and value added components. This implies a decreasing role of sunk costs and better conditions for stimulating competition at least in the value-added segment. Advanced services provided for large business customers are less dependent on services from the network operator. If special facilities are needed, special network solutions can be designed on a network of leased lines. This development may not be feasible for services designed for residential customers. Advanced residential services must rely on transmission facilities as defined by the local network operator. As the existing cost structure implies that basic residential services is the area where there are the greatest barriers to developing effective competition, diffusion of such services may be restricted to a pace determined by the local PTO. Positive externalities related to usage and access imply that consumers depend not only on the network operator but also on the behaviour of other consumers. Call and access externalities give telecom services the character of a public good. Therefore, a free market may result in production and usage of services below the social optimum. This problem is partly addressed for basic telephony by imposing on the operators a universal service obligation, but the problem may be more acute in relation to new services where obtaining a critical mass large enough to make the service attractive can cause difficulties. This barrier can be overcome by public initiatives, such as the generation of public demand and standardisation. However, it may be difficult beforehand to foresee which services deserve public support. LITERATURE NATIONAL POLICY Till the early 1990s, the government enjoyed full monopoly over telecom services with the Department of Telecommunications (DOT) being the sole provider of telecom services (local and long distance) in the country, except in Delhi and Mumbai, where Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) was the sole access provider. International services were provided exclusively by the Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd (VSNL). In 1994 the Government of India issued its National Telecommunications Policy. The policy was issued in recognition of the urgent need to provide universal access to basic telecommunications services by 1997 and offers guidelines for entry of the private sector into basic telecommunications services. To facilitate private-sector participation, licensing procedures were established in the Department of Telecommunications in India, and equity participation for companies registered in India (with 51 or more percent Indian ownership) was anticipated. Private-sector licenses, however, were to be granted only for local (versus long-distance) telecommunications networks. An autonomous body, the Telecommunications Authority of India, was established to regulate private-sector activity. NEW TELECOM POLICY 94 The first step towards opening the telecom services sector took place with cellular licenses for the four metros being awarded to private companies in 1994. In the same year, the government formulated the National Telecom Policy of 1994 (NTP 94) with the objective of expanding the telecom infrastructure by encouraging private sector participation in telecom services. As per NTP 94, one private company per circle was to be allowed entry into basic services while two operators were to be allowed to compete in providing cellular services in each of the circles. Subsequently, cellular services became operational in four metros and 18 state circles and basic services, too, commenced in a few circles. However, high license fee bids, tariff distortions, unattractive interconnection and revenue sharing arrangements between DOT and new private licensees resulted in most service providers finding themselves in financially unviable situations. NEW TELECOM POLICY 99 In an attempt to remove the defects of the old policy and provide a new direction to the telecom sector, the government came out with NTP 99. The highlights of NTP 99 are: * Private basic and cellular operators allowed migrating from revenue sharing regime to one time entry fee plus revenue sharing system. | * License period extended from 10 to 20 years. | * DOT’s monopoly over domestic National Long Distance (NLD) services to end in 2000. | * Interconnection between fixed, cellular and other telecom service operators to be allowed freely. * Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, to be replaced by a new legislation| THE TENTH PLAN (2002-2007) During the 10th plan period (2002-2007), the Government targets to add 81. 71 million lines (including fixed and cellular), which translates into the teledensity of 11. 5 per cent in 2007. The Government has envisaged the total investment of Rs 1,606. 7 billion including the telecom investment of Rs 441. 6 billion in rural area s and Rs 462. 9 billion investment by the private operators. In order to accelerate the growth of private investment in telecom industry, the working group on Information Technology has proposed key measures like establishing interconnection agreements, meeting the requirements of USO fund, utilization of license fee for rural telephony, incentives for roll out in the rural areas, decision on calling party pays regime etc. RECENT POLICY CHANGES:- NEW LICENSES FOR BASIC TELECOM SERVICES In January 2001, guidelines for the entry of new fixed service providers were announced. Out of the applications by 18 companies, 6 companies were issued LoIs for basic telecom services. By March 2002, 3 companies including Reliance (17 circles), Tata Teleservices (5 circles) and Bharti (4 circles) had signed license agreements by paying the total entry fee of Rs 8. 39 billion. FOURTH CELLULAR LICENSE In October 2001, the Government issued licenses to successful bidders for commencing cellular services. These include, the Bharti Group in 8 circles, Escotel in 4 circles, Hutchison Essar in 3 circles, and Reliance (through Reliable Internet) and Birla-ATT and Tata in 1 circle each. A Banjo Player's Journey EssayThe change in price by some amount will make consumer to shift to other service provider, or to reconsider idea of using mobiles. So the consumer is more or less price relatively elastic this can be seen from the above graph. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR Consumer theory is a theory of economics which relates preferences, indifference curves and budget constraints to consumer demand curves. It is theory which deals with reconciliation of dreams and our budgets. Consumer theory can be used in order to estimate the optimal goods bundle for an individual buyer. India is completely a different kind of market. People of India are more conservative as compared to other western countries. Taste and preferences of people were more rigid and flexibility of consumer to adapt to changes was less. But with the high rate of development, taste preferences of people have started changing. With increase in consumer income the influence of western high life style the way of thinking has started changing. In case of telecom people were more skewed to voice than that of the services provided to users. People’s perception regarding phoning was only limited to use voice services. But gradually there has been a change in the behavior of consumers. People are also interested on new services provided to them. Services such as MMS, internet, broadband services, etc. form a major role for a consumer to select a particular service provider. This shift in the mind frame of people can be depicted through concept of indifference curve. INDIFFERENCE CURVE Indifference curve is locus of points that shows different combinations of two products that yield exactly the same level of satisfaction. The two products in case of telecom services are Voice and Data. Now in graph we have curve U1 as indifference curve. On this curve the consumer is satisfied if he gets voice and data in range of A-A’. Either he can be at point E or E’. But outside the range A-A’ he will not be satisfied as he has some minimum voice requirements. In range A-A’ voice and data can be substitute for each other to some extent i. e. bad Voice quality can be compensated by Data service (SMS). Income Effect In this concept of indifference curve, we have an income effect. As long as the prices remain constant, changing the income will create a parallel shift of the budget constraint. Increasing the income will shift the budget constraint right since more of both can be bought, and decreasing income will shift it left In the above diagram, initially we have U1 as the indifference curve where the consumer attains his equilibrium at point A, where he consumes a certain level of voice data. But with increase in disposable income initial budget line of consumer shifts from DV to D’V’. In response to this shift in budget line the indifference curve shifts to U2. From this we should conclude that along with budget line consumer affordability has increases and there is a shift in indifference curve. Change in preferences Initially when the mobile phones were introduced their main objective was to offer voice services. But with advancements in technology and requirements of better and other communication modes the demand by consumers Data services increased. There was a shift in preference on services used by consumer. Consumer transformed himself from a voice centric user to a balanced user (using both voice and data simultaneously). In recent past the use of mobiles was restricted to Voice calls, messages, low speed data connectivity, etc. This is shown by indifference curve U1. As shown in the graph on this curve U1 the consumer wants to operate in region A-A’ because he can only be satisfied if he gets some minimum voice services. i. e. if voice services fall below certain level the consumer is not satisfied. On this curve U1 is point E which gives the exact amount of voice and data services utilized by a consumer. Now in the present situation the consumer requires more data services in addition to voice services which he utilizes. So his overall utility has increased this means he has shifted from lower indifference curve to higher urve U2. On this new curve the consumer wants to operate between points B-B’. On curve U2 is point E’ which gives the new quantity of data and voice used by consumer. So here we conclude that due to increased requirement of data services, and affordability of these services consumer has moved from point E to point E’. Also we can see, primarily only the voice services that overshadows data related se rvices, but ultimately indifference curve shifts to a higher level, which led to an increase in consumption of both data voice services. India will have 650 million subscribers by 2012The Government has set a target of providing 200 million rural telephony connections, which will increase rural tele-density to 25 per cent from the current level of 1. 7 per cent. Pointing out that the telecom sector has been the biggest success stories of market-oriented reforms, the Economic Survey has projected that telephone subscribers base will more than treble to 650 million users by 2012. It envisaged that Internet and broadband subscribers will increase to 40 million and 20 million respectively by 2010. Telephony subscriber base up The subscriber base for telephony services continued its growth during March 2007 with 3. 93 million subscribers being added during the month. A total of 66. 51 million subscribers were added during 2006-07 as compared to 41. 91 million in 2005-06, registering an increase of 58 per cent, a TRAI release said. This is the highest ever increase in subscribers during a financial year after the opening up of the telecom sector for competition, it said. Wireless service subscriber base increased by 3. 53 million in March 2007 as compared with 6. 21 million in February. In the wireline segment, a total of 0. 0 million subscribers were added during March 2007 as compared to a decline of 0. 02 million in February 2007. Indian to have 1 million Net TV subscribers by 2011 India is expected to be the fifth largest Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) market in the Asia-Pacific region (excluding Japan) with nearly a million subscribers by 2011. However, low quality bandwidth and poor penetration o f broadband could result in slow uptake of the service in India, according to a new forecast from IDC. At present, India is nowhere on the IPTV map with just over 9,000 subscribers. IDC expects over 49,000 IPTV subscribers in India by the end of 2007 with the number expected to grow to reach 966,000 subscribers by 2011. China is expected to have more than 14 million IPTV users by that time. BSNL aims for 500-million subscriber by 2010 BSNL is aiming to touch more than 500-million subscriber base for mobile and fixed-line connections by 2010. Union Minister of State for   Communications Information Technology Dr Shakeel Ahmad   said the BSNL has already touched a subscriber base of 210-million including 165-million mobile customers. We have set an ambitious target of taking it to 500-million   mark by 2010. Of the 500-million customers, we plan to add 200 million mobile customers across the country,† he claimed. However, Dr Ahmad took pains to clarify that despite a rapid growth in the number of   cellphone subscribers in India, importance of fixed-line connections has been increasing as those having landlines will be getting several facilities inc luding IPTV, FLPP, location alarms and a host of other services. India issues 159 telecom licenses 59 licenses have been issued for providing access services in the country and generally there are 5-8 providers in each service area. Since any Indian company can apply for unified access license, this is increasing the demand for spectrum in a substantial manner. Currently, there is no cap on the number of service providers in a service area. There are 23 telecom circles in the country. GSM subscriber base touches 12. 55 cr The GSM-based cellular industry has added over 41 lakh subscribers in April with Bharti Airtel capturing 30. 7 per cent of the market share. With this, the all-India GSM subscriber base has touched 12. 55 crore at the end of April 2007 compared to 12. 14 crore at the end of March 2007, reflecting a growth rate of 3. 40 per cent, the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) said in a statement. In April, the cellular subscriber base of Bharti touched 3. 88 cro re with additions of 17. 51 lakh users, followed by BSNL at 2. 77 crore with a market share of 22. 10 per cent and additions of 3. 26 lakh subscribers. Hutch-Essar has 2. 7 crore subscribers, taking its market share to 22. 06 per cent and Idea with a market share of 11. 60 per cent has 1. 45 crore subscribers in April. Hutch-Essar added 12. 61 lakh subscribers in the month of April, while Idea added 5. 52 lakh mobile users in the same month. MTNLs GSM subscriber base in Delhi and Mumbai touched 24. 83 lakh, while Spice Telecom has over 28 lakh subscribers. Aircels user base in April stood at 59. 27 lakh, followed by Reliance Telecoms 43. 47 lakh subscribers. India to reach 600m mobile connections by 2011 Mobile phone connections in India will reach 600 million in five years time as handsets and tariffs become more affordable for the urban population, according to a new study published today by the Centre for Telecoms Research (CTR), London The report expects urban populations of India to reach high levels of mobile phone saturation in five years time, to the extent where many phone users will have two or more handset connections. A large portion of this growth will arise from pre-paid connections, driven by the increasing affordability of handsets and tariffs amongst Indias lower middle classes. The phenomenal growth in the Indian mobile phone market has largely been driven by urban consumption. We expect this to continue with urban geographies achieving saturation levels similar to current Western European markets in the next five years. Mobile connections in rural geographies will be constrained by coverage of network infrastructure and affordability of handsets which will limit co nsumption to no more than 150 million by 2011, said Raj Modi, Research Director at Centre for Telecoms Research. CONCLUSION A few decades ago the market for telecom services was a homogenous market supplying essentially the same service – telephony – to all types of customers. Today the market is becoming much more diversified with an increasing range of services offered by incumbent PTOs, providers of cable-television, data communication companies etc. Most of these new companies have not invested in their own physical infrastructure but rely on network capacity leased from other operators. The most significant barriers to competition are related to the cable and wire-based local facilities network. It seems unlikely that effective competition in this area can be established. In other areas, barriers to entry are less dominant and competition can more easily be established. Long distance and cellular telephony are both areas where competition can more easily be established, and where competition has been successfully introduced. FUTURE TRENDS IN THE TELECOM INDUSTRY Process of change is a continuous phenomenon and these changes are imperative in response to the local and global circumstances. The developing nation like ours encapsulates these developments/changes in the passage of time. India, like many other countries of the world, has adopted a gradual approach to telecom sector reform through selective privatization and has managed competition in different segments of the telecom market. It can be summed up that growth in the number of new telephone subscribers has far exceeded the growth in the global economy in the last two decades. The future trends can be analyzed in many ways that includes: * Focus on rural sector| * Telecom and IT| * Competition of existing players| * Technology trends| FOCUS ON RURAL SECTOR There have been a lot of reforms in telecom sector in India and Indian markets are still growing. The participation of private sector has been constantly increasing and it can be predicted that, the focus in the coming few years would be on the rural sector as the saturation in the urban markets would shift the concentration of markets. TELECOM AND IT India is a participant in this global process. Being a developing nation it has a tremendous appetite to absorb new technology. At the higher end of the market, India will imitate the most sophisticated telecom technology of the world but it will take time for the market for new technologies to consolidate. Market maturing’ is a continuous process in India, the main problem that companies are facing today and will continue face is to retain its customer base. IT in general will be a very important tool to influence the consumer. IT is widely used for Data-mining and Customer relationship management. COMPETITION OF EXISTING PLAYERS As compared to the past, one notable change has been the opening up of the developing economies and because of this the catching up process of the developing nations with the developed ones has become faster. Developing countries with liberal policies have much better opportunity to grow than before, this has given rise to wide spread competition. The global trend is towards growing privatization and competition. India, with her commitment to reforms is already a part of this process. Keeping in mind the global working, as more and more players participate in the process of expansion it leads to disintegration of market, technologies etc but after the disintegration the roles reverses. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS There has been phenomenal growth in mobile subscribers in the world in the last 5 years. Broadly speaking, technologies of mobile telecommunications and Internet are going to set the contours of further technological progress in the current decade and the next. The most recent initiative aims at convergence of voice and data received from multiple sources, both web based and real time video streams, in mobile handheld devices. Global positioning systems, mobile handsets and calling cards have made virtual presence possible almost everywhere and anywhere overcoming the barriers of distance, topography and remoteness. At the uppermost end of the convergent technology spectrum have already emerged Third Generation (3G) mobile devices with the capability of access to mobile data and voice. India, after much of development have only witnessed sets of 2G-2. 5G technology and it would require investment, efforts and up gradation of hardware and software for high bandwidth multimedia services etc. , for India to get into 3G devices. By next 2 years, one would expect 3G to be within reach of wider section of Indian population. SUGGESTIONS Telecom could contribute significantly to the societal transformation particularly in the rural areas by enabling our people to communicate and reap benefits. Till recently, benefits of telecom revolution touched mainly the cities and towns. Now it is time for the telecom growth to penetrate into the rural sector to democratize access and bring happiness and prosperity, overcoming all geographical barriers. Societal transformation and economic growth are closely interlinked. Information society with innovation as focus, transform into knowledge society. This, in turn gives positive impacts in agricultural society and industrial society. The core of empowerment for prosperity of one billion people is the connectivity and partnership between governmental and multiple institutions in the public and private domains. The fast growing telecom economy and infrastructure have to be the primary contributors towards this. While telecom technologies have revolutionized all aspects of society: industry, business, banking, government, judiciary, defense, education, health, agriculture, they have also introduced certain concerns. In the last one and a half centuries of the growth of telecom sector, and the last one century of the growth of wireless technologies, new problems have emerged. Some talk about digital divide and brain drain. We should see the situation positively. Can we convert these problems to digital bridges or digital highways and brain gains? Already some such aspects are visible in the BPOs and even in call centres. Another area needing some assessment and debate relates to invasion of privacy. As we all know, telecom technologies are capable of locating the position of the cell phone, its utilization pattern, and the particulars of the contacts, leaving the individual open to avoidable exposure and exploitation by motivated agencies. Ethics for utilization of telecom tools and technologies also need to be evolved so that individual privacy is not intruded upon. Although some restrictions are in place for unsolicited telephone calls, there is a need for more effective control mechanism. India is lagging far behind with very few households being digitally connected, though four of the top ten broadband economies of the world were in Asia. It appears that that South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, which now have the distinction of achieving highest broadband household digital connectivity index of 80 to 60 per cent, have excelled and grown faster than the rest of the world because of significant utilization of local languages in the generation of software and content on the internet. Herein there is a significant message. The large-scale utilization of local languages will enable people to create content with ease and authenticity which, when hared, will have a positive effect in the growth of economy through the benefits of telecom revolution and related Internet and multimedia tools. The Indian E-Governance and E-Commerce initiatives should become the drivers for the rural population to seek information in their local language and thus give a push to telecom penetration in the rural areas. The world over, in the past few decades research and development has been focusing on increasing the bandwidth carried by copper and fiber optic cables and wireless medium without having to change the old cables and infrastructure. The Copper cables that carried a few kilobits when they were first introduced today can carry megabits of information as a consequence of the digital revolution. The fiber optic cables that carried a few megabits initially today can carry several terabits of information with the introduction of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). Similar are the trends in wireless communication. Because of this exponential and disruptive growth in the bandwidth, we have reached a stage where bandwidth has become abundant and one can claim that distance has died. The world has not only become flat but has shrunk. THE CHALLENGES First challenge is of the Infrastructure, and for this country’s vibrancy in manufacture, research and development should be fully used to make India truly self sufficient in telecom. The number of cell phones and access devices, routers, switches and modems that this country would need that too in a continuously replenish able fashion is incentive enough to start a strong manufacturing program in telecom. We should project a goal of 70-30 by which more than 70 per cent of the telecom hardware and software should be manufactured in India by 2010. Value-added services provided a great opportunity in telecom is in innovating value added services that run on the telecom infrastructure. With the inherent strength of the nation in software, this should be easy to do provided we concentrate our energies in this direction. This is also a fertile ground for incubating many small starts up companies and this will be a second silicon valley – just the same way the Internet spurred the revolution, today the wireless and the telecom can stir another. This will be a unique experience of India.